The book and the mindset it advocates have been praised. Research indicates that the soldier mindset is the default human mode of reasoning in high-stakes situations, while the scout mindset bears similarities to "actively open-minded thinking" as described by the psychologist Jonathan Baron. The book's conceptual framework has a basis in psychological research. Based on Galef's exhaustive cataloging, the character's predictions about the future are frequently inaccurate, and the more confidence he expresses, the more likely he is to be wrong. According to Galef, Spock is much less rational than he claims to be: he reasons poorly about other people's behavior when he believes their decisions are illogical, and he is bad at forecasting. Spock as a contrast to the scout mindset. Galef describes the Star Trek character Mr. Georges Picquart, a military official who, in spite of personal prejudice and external pressure, worked to find evidence that exonerated Alfred Dreyfus after the latter was wrongly convicted in the Dreyfus affair.Steven Callahan, a sailor who survived weeks at sea on a life raft through careful decision-making and avoiding self-deception.Jeff Bezos and Elon Musk, successful entrepreneurs who Galef says were not overconfident about their chances of success when starting out.The book discusses examples to illustrate the scout mindset, including: She also gives reasons to adopt the scout mindset itself as part of one's identity. She suggests limiting how much an ideology or movement becomes part of one's identity, and argues that, counterintuitively, "holding your identity lightly" can be helpful for activism. Galef examines how and why people form identities around their beliefs and says that when a belief is part of someone's identity, it becomes harder for that belief to change. Part V, "Rethinking Identity", focuses on how beliefs are related to identity. And she gives suggestions on how to engage productively with differing viewpoints. She recommends paying attention to things that are confusing or don't seem to make sense, as they may be evidence of mistaken assumptions. She advises reacting to evidence that one is wrong by updating one's beliefs rather than seeing the incorrect belief as a failure. In Part IV, "Changing Your Mind", Galef outlines strategies for making it easier to change one's mind. Galef says that self-deception is sometimes seen as valuable for staying happy, coping with difficult situations, motivating oneself, or influencing others, but she argues that there are effective ways to accomplish these goals without sacrificing good judgement. Part III, "Thriving Without Illusions", argues that the supposed benefits of overconfidence and self-deception are not convincing reasons to shy away from a scout mindset. Galef gives examples of what does and does not indicate a scout mindset, suggests ways to notice and counteract bias, and outlines strategies for quantifying and labeling levels of confidence. Part II, "Developing Self-Awareness", discusses ways to examine one's own mindset. Galef lists several benefits of the soldier mindset, but argues that people tend to systematically underestimate the value of the scout mindset. Part I, "The Case for Scout Mindset", describes the "scout mindset", a style of thinking that is focused on earnestly seeking the truth, and contrasts it with the "soldier mindset", a style of thinking that is focused on defending one's existing beliefs. The book is divided into five parts, with an introduction and a conclusion. The book was published on April 13, 2021, by Portfolio, a division of Penguin. She worked on the book for five years before it was published, because she wanted it to be supported by evidence, and because her views on the topic changed while researching and writing about it. But in 2016 she left the organization, feeling that her work there was not accomplishing as much as she wanted, and started writing The Scout Mindset. In 2012, Galef co-founded the Center for Applied Rationality, an organization focused on educating people about rationality and cognitive bias. Galef contrasts this with a "soldier mindset", which she says is a natural tendency to use motivated reasoning to defend one's existing beliefs instead of being open to changing them. The scout mindset emphasizes curiosity, unbiased truth-seeking, and facing reality, even if that reality is unexpected. In the book, Galef argues for what she calls a scout mindset: "the motivation to see things as they are, not as you wish they were". The Scout Mindset: Why Some People See Things Clearly and Others Don't is a 2021 non-fiction book by Julia Galef.
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